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It is particularly notable

  • 1 особенно интересно отметить

    Особенно интересно отметить-- It is particularly notable how the surge values of flow rate collapse when presented in this form.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > особенно интересно отметить

  • 2 Nash, John

    [br]
    b. c. 1752 (?) London, England
    d. 13 May 1835 Cowes, Isle of Wight
    [br]
    English architect and town planner.
    [br]
    Nash's name is synonymous with the great scheme carried out for his patron, the Prince Regent, in the early nineteenth century: the development of Marylebone Park from 1811 constituted a "garden city" for the wealthy in the centre of London. Although only a part of Nash's great scheme was actually achieved, an immense amount was carried out, comprising the Regent's Park and its surrounding terraces, the Regent's Street, including All Souls' Church, and the Regent's Palace in the Mall. Not least was Nash's exotic Royal Pavilion at Brighton.
    From the early years of the nineteenth century, Nash and a number of other architects took advantage of the use of structural materials developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution; these included wrought and cast iron and various cements. Nash utilized iron widely in the Regent Street Quadrant, Carlton House Terrace and at the Brighton Pavilion. In the first two of these his iron columns were masonry clad, but at Brighton he unashamedly constructed iron column supports, as in the Royal Kitchen, and his ground floor to first floor cast-iron staircase, in which he took advantage of the malleability of the material to create a "Chinese" bamboo design, was particularly notable. The great eighteenth-century terrace architecture of Bath and much of the later work in London was constructed in stone, but as nineteenth-century needs demanded that more buildings needed to be erected at lower cost and greater speed, brick was used more widely for construction; this was rendered with a cement that could be painted to imitate stone. Nash, in particular, employed this method at Regent's Park and used a stucco made from sand, brickdust, powdered limestone and lead oxide that was suited for exterior work.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Terence Davis, 1960, The Architecture of John Nash, Studio.
    ——1966, John Nash: The Prince Regent's Architect, Country Life.
    Sir John Summerson, 1980, John Nash: Architect to King George IV, Allen \& Unwin.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Nash, John

  • 3 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 4 disminución

    f.
    decrease, abatement, decline, reduction.
    * * *
    1 decrease, reduction
    \
    ir en disminución to diminish, decrease
    * * *
    noun f.
    decrease, drop, fall
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=reducción) [de población, cantidad] decrease, drop, fall; [de precios, temperaturas] drop, fall; [de velocidad] decrease, reduction
    2) (Med) [de dolor] reduction; [de fiebre] drop, fall
    3) (Cos) [de puntos] decreasing
    * * *
    a) (de gastos, salarios, precios) decrease, drop, fall; ( de población) decrease, fall
    b) (de entusiasmo, interés) waning, dwindling
    c) ( al tejer) decreasing
    * * *
    = decline, drop, dropping off, lessening, shortfall [short-fall], shrinkage, diminution, abatement, deceleration, falling-off, waning, downward spiral, fall, slowdown, ebbing, minimisation [minimization, -USA], depletion, subsidence, lowering, effacement.
    Ex. Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.
    Ex. Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.
    Ex. There is a sharp dropping off, particularly where activities require going beyond the library walls = Se da un marcado descenso, especialmente allí donde las actividades necesitan ir más allá de los muros de la biblioteca.
    Ex. It was concluded that when one tries to hold the fragile interest (through library publications) of a new customer, a mere lessening of sentence and word lengths work wonders in preventing the impeding of that interest.
    Ex. It seems likely that it is between 80-90% complete but since there are some notable absentees the shortfall in total coverage is a significant one.
    Ex. DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.
    Ex. Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.
    Ex. The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.
    Ex. He observes that at the junction points of sciences there is an almost twofold deceleration of the processes of application and spreading of knowledge.
    Ex. A slight decline -- about 1% -- in the book title output of US publishers took place in 1988, compared with 1987, largely attributable to a falling-off of mass market paperback output, especially in fiction.
    Ex. This article discusses the impact of growing number of students and waning financial resources on library services and acquisition focusing on book shortages, security problems and inadequacy of staffing.
    Ex. The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.
    Ex. There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.
    Ex. A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.
    Ex. A strategy for deciding the optimal volume of a library's periodical holdings is formulated, based on minimisation of the total costs incurred by the use of periodical articles.
    Ex. Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.
    Ex. Decision making by the Water Board on water levels was based on information on agricultural effects and the risk of damage to buildings and roads as a consequence of subsidence.
    Ex. Irrespective of the depth of indexing, however, the essential simplicity of post-coordinate indexing is a factor that can lead to a lowering of precision at the search stage.
    Ex. Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.
    ----
    * disminución de la calidad = lowering of standards.
    * disminución de la confianza = sapping of confidence.
    * en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.
    * * *
    a) (de gastos, salarios, precios) decrease, drop, fall; ( de población) decrease, fall
    b) (de entusiasmo, interés) waning, dwindling
    c) ( al tejer) decreasing
    * * *
    = decline, drop, dropping off, lessening, shortfall [short-fall], shrinkage, diminution, abatement, deceleration, falling-off, waning, downward spiral, fall, slowdown, ebbing, minimisation [minimization, -USA], depletion, subsidence, lowering, effacement.

    Ex: Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.

    Ex: Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.
    Ex: There is a sharp dropping off, particularly where activities require going beyond the library walls = Se da un marcado descenso, especialmente allí donde las actividades necesitan ir más allá de los muros de la biblioteca.
    Ex: It was concluded that when one tries to hold the fragile interest (through library publications) of a new customer, a mere lessening of sentence and word lengths work wonders in preventing the impeding of that interest.
    Ex: It seems likely that it is between 80-90% complete but since there are some notable absentees the shortfall in total coverage is a significant one.
    Ex: DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.
    Ex: Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.
    Ex: The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.
    Ex: He observes that at the junction points of sciences there is an almost twofold deceleration of the processes of application and spreading of knowledge.
    Ex: A slight decline -- about 1% -- in the book title output of US publishers took place in 1988, compared with 1987, largely attributable to a falling-off of mass market paperback output, especially in fiction.
    Ex: This article discusses the impact of growing number of students and waning financial resources on library services and acquisition focusing on book shortages, security problems and inadequacy of staffing.
    Ex: The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.
    Ex: There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.
    Ex: A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.
    Ex: A strategy for deciding the optimal volume of a library's periodical holdings is formulated, based on minimisation of the total costs incurred by the use of periodical articles.
    Ex: Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.
    Ex: Decision making by the Water Board on water levels was based on information on agricultural effects and the risk of damage to buildings and roads as a consequence of subsidence.
    Ex: Irrespective of the depth of indexing, however, the essential simplicity of post-coordinate indexing is a factor that can lead to a lowering of precision at the search stage.
    Ex: Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.
    * disminución de la calidad = lowering of standards.
    * disminución de la confianza = sapping of confidence.
    * en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.

    * * *
    1 (de gastos, salarios, precios) decrease, drop, fall; (de la población) decrease, fall
    la disminución de las tarifas the lowering of o reduction in charges
    la disminución de la población estudiantil the decrease o fall in the student population
    2 (del entusiasmo, interés) waning, dwindling
    una disminución del interés del público waning o dwindling public interest
    3 (al tejer) decreasing
    * * *

     

    disminución sustantivo femenino
    decrease, fall;
    ( de temperatura) drop;
    ( de tarifa) reduction
    disminución sustantivo femenino decrease, drop
    ' disminución' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    distensión
    English:
    decline
    - decrease
    - shrinkage
    - fall
    - slump
    * * *
    [de cantidad, velocidad, intensidad] decrease, decline (de in); [de precios, temperaturas] fall (de in); [de interés] decline, waning (de of);
    la disminución del desempleo/de la contaminación the decrease in unemployment/pollution;
    una disminución salarial a decrease o drop in wages;
    ir en disminución to be on the decrease
    * * *
    f decrease
    * * *
    disminución nf, pl - ciones : decrease, drop, fall
    * * *
    disminución n fall / drop

    Spanish-English dictionary > disminución

  • 5 señalado

    adj.
    marked, outstanding, appointed, distinguished.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: señalar.
    * * *
    1→ link=señalar señalar
    1 (famoso) distinguished, famous
    2 (fijado) appointed, fixed
    3 (significativo) noticeable
    4 (marcado) marked, scarred
    \
    un día señalado a red-letter day
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=especial) [día] special; [ocasión, acontecimiento] special, momentous
    2) [persona] [gen] distinguished; pey notorious
    * * *
    - da adjetivo

    una victoria señalada — a signal victory; ver tb señalar

    * * *
    = marked.
    Ex. It hardly needs to be said that the microcomputer is now a fact of life, but its impact upon the world of information retrieval and libraries generally has been less marked than in many other areas.
    ----
    * día señalado = red-letter day.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo

    una victoria señalada — a signal victory; ver tb señalar

    * * *

    Ex: It hardly needs to be said that the microcomputer is now a fact of life, but its impact upon the world of information retrieval and libraries generally has been less marked than in many other areas.

    * día señalado = red-letter day.

    * * *
    en una fecha tan señalada como ésta on such a special day as this
    su señalada actuación en el campo de la ciencia her notable o distinguished achievements in the field of science
    una victoria señalada a signal triumph
    * * *

    Del verbo señalar: ( conjugate señalar)

    señalado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    señalado    
    señalar
    señalar ( conjugate señalar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( indicar) ‹ruta/camino› to show;

    me señaló con el dedo he pointed at me (with his finger);
    señaladole algo a algn to show sb sth, point sth out to sb;
    me señaló con el dedo qué pasteles quería he pointed out (to me) which cakes he wanted
    2 (marcar con lápiz, rotulador) to mark
    3 ( afirmar) to point out;
    ◊ señaló que … she pointed out that …

    4 ( fijar) ‹ fecha› to fix, set;
    ◊ en el lugar señalado in the appointed o agreed place

    5 ( anunciar) to mark
    verbo intransitivo
    to point
    señalado,-a adjetivo
    1 (importante, relevante) important: una fecha/acontecimiento señalado, an important date/event
    2 (con una cicatriz, un trauma) scarred
    (con un golpe) marked
    señalar verbo transitivo
    1 (con el dedo) to point at
    (desprestigiar)
    2 (apuntar, subrayar) me gustaría señalar que..., I would like to point out that...
    3 (señalizar) to indicate: la brújula señalaba el norte, the compass was pointing North
    4 (una fecha) to fix
    5 (dejar una marca o huella) el navajazo le señaló la cara, the knife wound scarred his face
    ' señalado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    destinada
    - destinado
    - señalada
    - indicado
    - señalar
    English:
    set
    - D
    - notable
    - notice
    - rendezvous
    * * *
    señalado, -a adj
    1. [importante] [fecha] special;
    [personaje] distinguished
    2. [con cicatrices] scarred, marked
    3. [lugar, hora] agreed, arranged
    * * *
    adj special
    * * *
    señalado, -da adj
    : distinguished, notable

    Spanish-English dictionary > señalado

  • 6 brillar

    v.
    1 to shine (also figurative).
    brillar por su ausencia to be conspicuous by its/one's absence
    El alumbrado luce The lighting shines.
    2 to shine on.
    Nos brilló una gran luz A great light shone on us.
    * * *
    1 (luz, sol, luna, pelo, zapatos) to shine
    2 (ojos) to sparkle; (estrella) to twinkle; (metal, dientes) to gleam; (cosa húmeda) to glisten
    3 figurado to be outstanding
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VI
    1) (=relucir) [luz, sol] to shine; [estrella, ojos] to shine, sparkle; [metal, superficie, pelo] [gen] to shine; [por estar mojado, grasiento] to glisten; [joyas, lentejuelas] to sparkle, glitter

    le brillaban los ojos de alegría — her eyes shone o sparkled with happiness

    ¡cómo te brillan los zapatos! — what shiny shoes!

    2) (=sobresalir) to shine

    brillar por su ausencia —

    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) sol/luz to shine; estrella to shine, sparkle; zapatos/suelo/metal to shine, gleam; diamante to sparkle
    b) ( destacarse) persona to shine

    brilla por su astucia/inteligencia — she's particularly shrewd/intelligent

    2.
    brillar vt (Col) to polish
    * * *
    = glow, gleam, glitter, shimmer, shine, flare, glisten.
    Ex. In the case of the card catalog complete sequences exist whether or not someone is actually viewing them, while on a CRT (cathode-ray tube) screen they exist only so long as the phosphors continue to glow.
    Ex. Tears gleamed in Washington's eyes.
    Ex. The article 'Job opportunities glitter for librarians who surf the net' describes a range of Internet resources which post details of library and information science job vacancies in the USA and elsewhere.
    Ex. Dressed to the nines, the three characters shimmer like tropical fish beached in the desert.
    Ex. A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.
    Ex. The visual manifestation of the recent Hale-Bopp comet reminds us how telling are those rare objects which suddenly flare in the sky.
    Ex. Whatever the fiord's mood, teeming with rain or with sun glistening on deep water, it will inspire you.
    ----
    * brillar por Uno mismo = shine on + Posesivo + own.
    * ojos + brillar de rabia = eyes + glint with + rage.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) sol/luz to shine; estrella to shine, sparkle; zapatos/suelo/metal to shine, gleam; diamante to sparkle
    b) ( destacarse) persona to shine

    brilla por su astucia/inteligencia — she's particularly shrewd/intelligent

    2.
    brillar vt (Col) to polish
    * * *
    = glow, gleam, glitter, shimmer, shine, flare, glisten.

    Ex: In the case of the card catalog complete sequences exist whether or not someone is actually viewing them, while on a CRT (cathode-ray tube) screen they exist only so long as the phosphors continue to glow.

    Ex: Tears gleamed in Washington's eyes.
    Ex: The article 'Job opportunities glitter for librarians who surf the net' describes a range of Internet resources which post details of library and information science job vacancies in the USA and elsewhere.
    Ex: Dressed to the nines, the three characters shimmer like tropical fish beached in the desert.
    Ex: A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.
    Ex: The visual manifestation of the recent Hale-Bopp comet reminds us how telling are those rare objects which suddenly flare in the sky.
    Ex: Whatever the fiord's mood, teeming with rain or with sun glistening on deep water, it will inspire you.
    * brillar por Uno mismo = shine on + Posesivo + own.
    * ojos + brillar de rabia = eyes + glint with + rage.

    * * *
    brillar [A1 ]
    vi
    1 «sol/luz» to shine; «estrella» to shine, sparkle; «zapatos/suelo/metal» to shine, gleam; «diamante» to sparkle
    le brillaba el pelo her hair shone
    al verlo le brillaron los ojos de alegría when she saw him her eyes lit up with joy
    para que su vajilla brille, use … for sparkling dishes, use …
    te brilla la nariz your nose is shiny
    2 «inteligencia/cualidad» to shine
    nunca brilló en sus estudios he never shined ( AmE) o ( BrE) shone as a student, he was never a brilliant student
    ■ brillar
    vt
    ( Col) to polish
    * * *

     

    brillar ( conjugate brillar) verbo intransitivo
    a) [sol/luz] to shine;

    [ estrella] to shine, sparkle;
    [zapatos/suelo/metal] to shine, gleam;
    [diamante/ojos] to sparkle

    verbo transitivo (Col) to polish
    brillar verbo intransitivo
    1 (emitir luz) to shine
    (emitir destellos) to sparkle
    (centellear) to glitter
    2 (destacar) to be conspicuous: Juan brilló por su ausencia, Juan was conspicuous by his absence
    ' brillar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ausencia
    English:
    beam
    - blaze
    - flare
    - gleam
    - glisten
    - glow
    - shimmer
    - shine
    - sparkle
    - twinkle
    - conspicuous
    - glare
    - glimmer
    * * *
    1. [luz, astro, metal, zapatos, pelo] to shine;
    [ojos, diamante] to sparkle
    2. [sobresalir] to shine;
    brilla por su simpatía she's remarkable for her kindness;
    brillar por su ausencia to be conspicuous by its/one's absence;
    la higiene brilla por su ausencia there is a notable lack of hygiene;
    brillar con luz propia to be outstanding
    * * *
    v/i fig
    shine
    * * *
    : to shine, to sparkle
    * * *
    1. (en general) to shine [pt. & pp. shone]
    2. (persona) to stand out [pt. & pp. stood] / to be outstanding

    Spanish-English dictionary > brillar

  • 7 desviación

    f.
    1 deviation, detour, diversion, turn.
    2 deviation of funds.
    3 loop line.
    4 deflection.
    5 deviance, abnormal sexual behavior.
    6 by-pass.
    7 displacement.
    * * *
    1 deviation
    2 (de carretera) diversion, detour
    \
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) diversion, detour
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=separación) [de trayectoria] deviation (de from)
    [de golpe, disparo] deflection (de from)

    es una desviación de sus principios — it is a deviation o departure from his principles

    2) (Aut) diversion
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de río) diversion
    b) ( de fondos) diversion
    c) (Med) curvature
    d) (Auto) ( desvío) detour (AmE), diversion (BrE)
    2) (frml) ( aberración) deviation
    * * *
    = departure, deviation, diversion, deviance, deflection.
    Ex. Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them 'conform more to rules advocated by Mr. Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the Museum'.
    Ex. Deviations from this basic order may be useful, particularly with regard to what are known as differential facets and common facets.
    Ex. Many librarians feel threatened by the diversion of funds away from collection building to providing service and integrating technology.
    Ex. The phenomena of book theft and mutilation from academic libraries are analysed from the standpoint of the sociology of deviance.
    Ex. Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.
    ----
    * desviación de columna = spinal curvature, curvature of the spine.
    * desviación de la norma = deviation + from the norm, departure from the norm.
    * desviación estándar = standard deviation.
    * desviación media = mean deviation.
    * desviación sexual = sexual deviance.
    * desviación típica = standard deviation.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de río) diversion
    b) ( de fondos) diversion
    c) (Med) curvature
    d) (Auto) ( desvío) detour (AmE), diversion (BrE)
    2) (frml) ( aberración) deviation
    * * *
    = departure, deviation, diversion, deviance, deflection.

    Ex: Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them 'conform more to rules advocated by Mr. Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the Museum'.

    Ex: Deviations from this basic order may be useful, particularly with regard to what are known as differential facets and common facets.
    Ex: Many librarians feel threatened by the diversion of funds away from collection building to providing service and integrating technology.
    Ex: The phenomena of book theft and mutilation from academic libraries are analysed from the standpoint of the sociology of deviance.
    Ex: Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.
    * desviación de columna = spinal curvature, curvature of the spine.
    * desviación de la norma = deviation + from the norm, departure from the norm.
    * desviación estándar = standard deviation.
    * desviación media = mean deviation.
    * desviación sexual = sexual deviance.
    * desviación típica = standard deviation.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de un río) diversion
    2 (de fondos) diversion
    3 ( Med) curvature
    una desviación de columna a twisted spine, curvature of the spine
    4 ( Auto) (desvío) detour ( AmE), diversion ( BrE); (carretera de circunvalación) bypass
    5 (de la brújula) deviation
    6 (alejamiento) desviación DE algo deviation FROM sth
    no tolera ninguna desviación de la línea del partido he doesn't tolerate any departure from the party line
    Compuesto:
    desviación estándar or normal
    standard deviation
    B ( frml) (aberración) deviation
    * * *

     

    desviación sustantivo femenino

    b) (Med) curvature

    c) ( alejamiento) desviación de algo deviation from sth

    desviación sustantivo femenino
    1 deviation
    2 (en una carretera) diversion, detour
    3 Med curvature
    desviación de columna, curvature of the spine
    ' desviación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aberración
    - desviarse
    - variante
    English:
    deflection
    - deviance
    - deviation
    - departure
    - detour
    - diversion
    * * *
    1. [reorientación] [en dirección] change;
    [en rumbo, de brújula] deviation; [de río, tráfico] diversion;
    fetichismos y otras desviaciones de la conducta fetishism and other deviant behaviour;
    aquello suponía una notable desviación de sus promesas electorales that constituted quite a departure from their electoral promises;
    no toleran desviaciones de la línea oficial they don't tolerate any deviation from the party line
    2. [desvío] [en la carretera] Br diversion, US detour;
    tomar una desviación to make a detour;
    toma la segunda desviación a la derecha take the second turn-off on the right
    3. [en estadística] deviation
    desviación estándar standard deviation;
    desviación media mean deviation;
    desviación típica standard deviation
    4. Med desviación de columna curvature of the spine
    5. Der desviación de fondos públicos diversion of public funds
    6. Econ desviación presupuestaria budgetary variance
    * * *
    f detour, Br tb
    diversion
    * * *
    1) : deviation, departure
    2) : detour, diversion

    Spanish-English dictionary > desviación

  • 8 mérito

    m.
    merit, credit.
    * * *
    1 (de alguien) merit
    2 (de algo) merit, worth
    \
    hacer mérito de algo to mention something
    hacer méritos para algo to strive to be deserving of something
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=valor) merit, worth

    de mérito — of merit, worthy

    tener mérito: eso tiene mucho mérito — that's very commendable

    "serán méritos los idiomas" — [en anuncio] "languages an advantage"

    2) (=mención)
    * * *
    masculino merit, worth

    quitarle or restarle méritos a alguien — to take the credit away from somebody

    hacer méritos: va a tener que hacer méritos — ( para conseguir algo) he's going to have to earn it; ( para compensar algo) he's going to have to make amends

    * * *
    = merit, credit, claim to fame.
    Ex. Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.
    Ex. The ideal was forever etched in his consciousness from the day Crane uttered it: a good librarian working anywhere is a credit and benefit to libraries everywhere.
    Ex. Not one, but five towns use albino squirrels as their claims to fame, and none is particularly happy about the others.
    ----
    * atribuir el mérito a = credit.
    * atribuirse el mérito = take + the credit (for).
    * atribuirse el mérito de Algo = claim + credit for.
    * aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.
    * digno de mérito = meritorious.
    * exageración de los méritos de Algo = overselling.
    * exagerar los méritos de Algo = oversell.
    * falta de mérito = unworthiness.
    * llevarse el mérito = take + the credit (for).
    * mérito + atribuirse a = credit + be due to, credit + go to, be to the credit of.
    * mérito + deberse a = credit + be due to, credit + go to, be to the credit of.
    * méritos profesionales = merit.
    * por méritos = meritorious.
    * quitar el mérito a Algo = belittle.
    * quitarle mérito = obscure + fact.
    * quitar mérito = detract from.
    * reconocer el mérito de Alguien = get + Posesivo + due(s).
    * subida salarial por méritos = merit increase.
    * tener mérito = be meritorious.
    * * *
    masculino merit, worth

    quitarle or restarle méritos a alguien — to take the credit away from somebody

    hacer méritos: va a tener que hacer méritos — ( para conseguir algo) he's going to have to earn it; ( para compensar algo) he's going to have to make amends

    * * *
    = merit, credit, claim to fame.

    Ex: Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.

    Ex: The ideal was forever etched in his consciousness from the day Crane uttered it: a good librarian working anywhere is a credit and benefit to libraries everywhere.
    Ex: Not one, but five towns use albino squirrels as their claims to fame, and none is particularly happy about the others.
    * atribuir el mérito a = credit.
    * atribuirse el mérito = take + the credit (for).
    * atribuirse el mérito de Algo = claim + credit for.
    * aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.
    * digno de mérito = meritorious.
    * exageración de los méritos de Algo = overselling.
    * exagerar los méritos de Algo = oversell.
    * falta de mérito = unworthiness.
    * llevarse el mérito = take + the credit (for).
    * mérito + atribuirse a = credit + be due to, credit + go to, be to the credit of.
    * mérito + deberse a = credit + be due to, credit + go to, be to the credit of.
    * méritos profesionales = merit.
    * por méritos = meritorious.
    * quitar el mérito a Algo = belittle.
    * quitarle mérito = obscure + fact.
    * quitar mérito = detract from.
    * reconocer el mérito de Alguien = get + Posesivo + due(s).
    * subida salarial por méritos = merit increase.
    * tener mérito = be meritorious.

    * * *
    merit, worth
    una obra de mérito a commendable piece of work
    una persona de mérito a worthy person
    una novela de poco mérito a novel of little worth o merit
    no le veo ningún mérito a lo que ha hecho I don't think that what she's done is at all admirable, I can't see any merit in what she's done
    quitarle or restarle méritos a algn to take the credit away from sb
    se atribuyó el mérito de haberlo descubierto he took the credit for having discovered it
    tiene mucho mérito que lo hayas hecho sin ayuda it says a lot for you o it's very commendable that you did it without any help
    hacer méritos: va a tener que hacer méritos (para conseguir algo) he's going to have to earn it; (para compensar algo) he's going to have to make amends
    te voy a llevar al teatro pero vas a tener que hacer méritos I'll take you to the theater but you'll have to be on your best behavior o you'll have to behave
    tendrá que hacer méritos si quiere que lo perdone he'll have to make it up to me if he wants me to forgive him
    Compuesto:
    mpl mention in dispatches
    * * *

    mérito sustantivo masculino
    merit, worth;

    una persona de mérito a worthy person;
    tener mérito to be praiseworthy;
    quitarle méritos a algn to take the credit away from sb;
    atribuirse el mérito de algo to take the credit for sth
    mérito sustantivo masculino
    1 (merecimiento) merit
    2 (valor por el esfuerzo realizado) tiene mérito que te disculpes, it's very commendable of you to apologize
    un trabajo de mérito, a commendable work

    ' mérito' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    notable
    - valor
    - mero
    English:
    detract
    - DSO
    - merit
    - saving
    - undeserving
    - unworthiness
    - walkover
    - credit
    * * *
    merit;
    todo el mérito es suyo she deserves all the credit;
    tiene mucho mérito it's no mean achievement;
    tiene mucho mérito que cuide él solo de sus padres he deserves a lot of praise for looking after his parents on his own;
    de mérito: un dramaturgo de mérito an accomplished playwright;
    un edificio de mérito a fine building;
    no quiero quitar mérito a lo que ha hecho I don't want to take away from o detract from what she has done;
    hacer méritos: está haciendo méritos para que lo elijan he is doing everything he can to get elected;
    no ha hecho méritos para merecer un aprobado he hasn't done enough to deserve a pass;
    se está esforzando por hacer méritos ante su jefe she's trying to get into her boss's good books
    mérito técnico [en patinaje sobre hielo] technical merit
    * * *
    m merit;
    hacer méritos work hard;
    de mérito worthy
    * * *
    : merit
    * * *
    mérito n merit

    Spanish-English dictionary > mérito

  • 9 sensible

    adj.
    1 sensitive.
    2 noticeable (evidente).
    pérdidas sensibles significant losses
    mostrar una sensible mejoría to show a noticeable improvement
    3 tender, soft-hearted, softhearted.
    4 sore.
    5 sensible, significant.
    * * *
    2 (impresionable) sensitive
    3 (piel, oído) sensitive
    4 (perceptible) perceptible, appreciable, noticeable
    5 (considerable) significant, considerable, sizeable
    6 (que causa pena) terrible, sad
    7 TÉCNICA (preciso) sensitive
    \
    lamentamos tan sensible pérdida formal we regret such a sad loss
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [al dolor, al frío] sensitive
    2) (=impresionable) sensitive (a to)
    3) (=perceptivo)
    4) (=evidente) [cambio, diferencia] appreciable, noticeable; [pérdida] considerable
    5) (Téc) sensitive (a to)
    (Fot) sensitive
    6) (=capaz)
    2.
    SF (Mús) leading note
    * * *
    1) (susceptible, impresionable) sensitive
    2)
    a) <piel/ojos> ( físicamente) sensitive
    b) <instrumento/aparato> sensitive; (Fot) sensitive
    3) (gen delante del n) (frml) ( ostensible) <cambio/diferencia> appreciable; < mejoría> noticiable; <aumento/pérdida> considerable
    * * *
    = responsive, sensitive, thin-skinned.
    Ex. This catalog would then present a much more revealing, helpful, and responsive picture to the actual needs of the library user than the finding catalog.
    Ex. Numerous different models are available, ranging from models where communication is via a heat sensitive screen, through to terminals linked to an outside computer by a telephone line.
    Ex. Thin-skinned and narrow-minded people may not particularly enjoy a pluralistic society, but their discomfort is vastly outweighed by the benefits most of us.
    ----
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * sensible a la luz = light-sensitive.
    * sensible a la situación = situation-aware.
    * sensible a los precios = price sensitive.
    * sensible al tiempo = time-sensitive [time sensitive].
    * sensible con respecto al género = gender sensitive.
    * tema sensible = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tocar la fibra sensible de = strike + a chord with.
    * tocar una vena sensible = hit + home.
    * * *
    1) (susceptible, impresionable) sensitive
    2)
    a) <piel/ojos> ( físicamente) sensitive
    b) <instrumento/aparato> sensitive; (Fot) sensitive
    3) (gen delante del n) (frml) ( ostensible) <cambio/diferencia> appreciable; < mejoría> noticiable; <aumento/pérdida> considerable
    * * *
    = responsive, sensitive, thin-skinned.

    Ex: This catalog would then present a much more revealing, helpful, and responsive picture to the actual needs of the library user than the finding catalog.

    Ex: Numerous different models are available, ranging from models where communication is via a heat sensitive screen, through to terminals linked to an outside computer by a telephone line.
    Ex: Thin-skinned and narrow-minded people may not particularly enjoy a pluralistic society, but their discomfort is vastly outweighed by the benefits most of us.
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * sensible a la luz = light-sensitive.
    * sensible a la situación = situation-aware.
    * sensible a los precios = price sensitive.
    * sensible al tiempo = time-sensitive [time sensitive].
    * sensible con respecto al género = gender sensitive.
    * tema sensible = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tocar la fibra sensible de = strike + a chord with.
    * tocar una vena sensible = hit + home.

    * * *
    A
    1 (susceptible, impresionable) sensitive
    2
    (a las artes): es muy sensible a la música she has a great feeling for music o very good musical sense
    no es nada sensible al arte he has no feeling for art
    B
    1 ‹piel/ojos› (físicamente) sensitive sensible A algo sensitive TO sth
    2 ‹instrumento/aparato› sensitive; ( Fot) sensitive
    C ( gen delante del n) ( frml) (ostensible, importante) appreciable
    un aumento sensible en el precio del petróleo an appreciable rise o a sizeable increase in the price of oil
    ha habido una sensible disminución en el número de accidentes there has been a noticeable o an appreciable drop in the number of accidents
    ha mostrado una sensible mejoría she has shown marked improvement
    la sequía ha ocasionado sensibles pérdidas the drought has caused significant losses
    sus familiares lamentan tan sensible pérdida the family mourn his terrible loss ( frml)
    * * *

     

    sensible adjetivo
    1 ( en general) sensitive;
    sensible A algo sensitive to sth
    2 ( gen delante del n) (frml) ( ostensible) ‹cambio/diferencia› appreciable;
    ‹ mejoría› noticable;
    ‹aumento/pérdida› considerable
    sensible adjetivo
    1 (persona, aparato) sensitive
    2 (notable, evidente) clear
    una sensible diferencia, a marked difference: no supuso un cambio sensible en sus vidas, it meant no great change in their lives
    ' sensible' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atinada
    - atinado
    - fibra
    - para
    - persona
    - prudente
    - sabia
    - sabio
    - sensata
    - sensato
    - sentada
    - sentado
    - tan
    - consciente
    - juicioso
    English:
    emotional
    - factor
    - feeling
    - hypersensitive
    - responsive
    - sensible
    - sensitive
    - squeamish
    - susceptible
    - tender
    - thick-skinned
    - touch-sensitive
    - irritable
    - mature
    - rational
    - sane
    - sense
    - skin
    * * *
    1. [susceptible] sensitive;
    yo soy más sensible al frío que mi hermano I feel the cold more than my brother;
    una planta muy sensible a los cambios de temperatura a plant which is very sensitive to changes in temperature;
    mis ojos son muy sensibles a la luz my eyes are very sensitive to the light
    2. [emocionalmente] sensitive;
    no se lo digas directamente, es muy sensible don't just tell her straight out, she's very sensitive
    3. [evidente] noticeable;
    [importante] significant;
    muestra una sensible mejoría he has shown a noticeable improvement;
    hay una sensible diferencia entre las dos culturas the two cultures are perceptibly different;
    pérdidas sensibles significant losses;
    se espera una subida sensible de las temperaturas a significant rise in temperatures is expected
    4. [instrumento, película] sensitive
    * * *
    adj
    1 persona, dispositivo sensitive;
    sensible al calor/a la luz heat-/light-sensitive
    2 ( apreciable) appreciable, noticeable
    * * *
    1) : sensitive
    2) apreciable: considerable, significant
    * * *
    1. (en general) sensitive
    2. (perceptible, apreciable) noticeable

    Spanish-English dictionary > sensible

  • 10 отличаться

    нсв
    1) чем-л от кого/чего-л быть непохожим на других to differ (from), to be different from
    2) чем-л характеризоваться to be remarkable/notable for

    э́тот райо́н отлича́ется мя́гким кли́матом — this area is remarkable/notable for its mild climate

    он больши́м умо́м не отлича́ется — he is not particularly bright/clever

    3) (св отличи́ться) выделяться одобр to distinguish oneself

    отличи́ться в бою́ — to distinguish oneself in action

    Русско-английский учебный словарь > отличаться

  • 11 важно

    it is important, it is essential, of importance
    • В инженерном проектировании жизненно важно... - In engineering design, it is vital to...
    • Важно добавить, что... - It is important to add that...
    • Важно иметь в виду, что... - It is important to keep in mind that...
    • Важно иметь реальный взгляд на... - It is essential to have a realistic view of...
    • Важно использовать... - The use of... is essential...
    • Важно принять, что... - It is important to appreciate that...
    • Важно то, что... - An important point is that...
    • Возможно, что это более важно в контексте... - This is perhaps more significant in the context of...
    • Вот почему так важно... - This is why it is so important to...
    • Для дальнейшего важно понять, что... - Because of what follows it is important to realize that...
    • На практике чрезвычайно важно быть способным... - It is of great practical importance to be able to...
    • Особенно важно... - It is particularly important to...
    • Очень важно, что... - It is of great importance that...
    • При любых условиях важно, чтобы... - Whatever the conditions, it is vital that...
    • При решении данной задачи важно заметить, что... - In solving this problem it is important to notice that...
    • Следовательно, важно иметь возможность определить, действительно ли... - It is therefore important to be able to determine whether...
    • Следовательно, чрезвычайно важно развить (теорию и т. п.)... - It is therefore of great value to develop...
    • Также жизненно важно... - Also it is vitally important to...
    • Таким образом, важно узнать основные свойства... - Thus, it is important to understand the basic properties of...
    • Чрезвычайно важно, что... - It is very significant that...
    • Что важно в любом из этих случаев, это... - What is important in either case is that...
    • Важно, что... - It is significant that...
    • Это не важно, (является ли и т. п.)... - It is immaterial whether...
    • Это открытие было важно вследствие того, что... - This discovery was notable for the fact that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > важно

  • 12 Bentley, John Francis

    [br]
    b. 30 January 1839 Doncaster, Yorkshire, England
    d. 2 March 1902 Clapham, London, England
    [br]
    English architect who specialized chiefly in ecclesiastical building, especially Roman Catholic churches.
    [br]
    Bentley's work was of high quality, particularly with regard to the decorative materials and finish. Notable among his churches was the Church of the Holy Rood (begun in 1887) at Watford, which is in Gothic Revival style, with fine decorative materials.
    Bentley's chef-d'oeuvre is the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Westminster in London: begun in 1895, the shell was completed in 1903. He based the banded pattern of the exterior upon the Italian medieval cathedrals of Siena and Orvieto, but at Westminster the banding is in red brick and white stone instead of marble. The cathedral interior is Byzantine in style, with pendentive construction. Built of load-bearing brick, with the saucer domes inside being made of concrete strengthened with brick inserts, there is no steel reinforcement: in choosing this type of structural material, Bentley was more closely following ancient Roman technology than modern use of concrete. The intention was to have all surfaces clad in mosaic of marble, but sadly only a portion of this has yet been achieved.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Bentley was nominated in 1902 to receive the RIBA Gold Medal but died before the presentation ceremony.
    Further Reading
    W.de l'Hopital, 1919, Westminster Cathedral and its Architect, Hutchinson.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Bentley, John Francis

  • 13 Caro, Heinrich

    [br]
    b. 13 February 1834 Poznan, Poland
    d. 11 October 1911 Dresden, Germany
    [br]
    German dyestuffi chemist.
    [br]
    Caro received vocational training as a dyer at the Gewerbeinstitut in Berlin from 1852, at the same time attending chemistry lectures at the university there. In 1855 he was hired as a colourist by a firm of calico printers in Mulheim an der Ruhr, where he was able to demonstrate the value of scientific training in solving practical problems. Two years later, the year after Perkin's discovery of aniline dyes, he was sent to England in order to learn the latest dyeing techniques. He took up a post an analytical chemist with the chemical firm Roberts, Dale \& Co. in Manchester; after finding a better way of synthesizing Perkin's mauve, he became a partner in the business. Caro was able to enlarge both his engineering experience and his chemical knowledge there, particularly by studying Hofmann's researches on the aniline dyes. He made several discoveries, including induline, Bismark brown and Martius yellow.
    Like other German chemists, however, he found greater opportunities opening up in Germany, and in 1866 he returned to take up a post in Bunsen's laboratory in Heidelberg. In 1868 Caro obtained the important directorship of Badische Anilin-Soda- Fabrik (BASF), the first true industrial research organization and leading centre of dyestuffs research. A steady stream of commercial successes followed. In 1869, after Graebe and Liebermann had showed him their laboratory synthesis of the red dye alizarin, Caro went on to develop a cheaper and commercially viable method. During the 1870s he collaborated with Adolf von Baeyer to make methylene blue and related dyes, and then went on to the azo dyes. His work on indigo was important, but was not crowned with commercial success; that came in 1897 when his successor at BASF discovered a suitable process for producing indigo on a commercial scale. Caro had resigned his post in 1889, by which time he had made notable contributions to German supremacy in the fast-developing dyestuffs industry.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Bernthsen, 1912, obituary, Berichte derDeut
    schen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 45; 1,987–2,042 (a substantial obituary).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Caro, Heinrich

  • 14 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 15 Loos, Adolf

    [br]
    b. 10 December 1870 Brno, Moravia (now in the Czech Republic)
    d. 23 August 1933 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian architect who was one of the earliest pioneers of the modern school in Europe.
    [br]
    Loos was the son of a sculptor and trained as a mason before studying architecture at Dresden College of Technology between 1890 and 1893. He then spent three years in America in such diverse areas as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and St Louis. He became a devotee of America and of building there, and he was particularly impressed by the work of Louis Sullivan. He returned to Austria in 1896 and set up practice in Vienna. His early work there was in line with the current Sezessionist mode, but he quickly came to disassociate himself from this trend and increasingly insisted upon very plain and functionalist designs: by 1908 he is quoted as saying that "the evolution of culture marches with the elimination of ornament from useful objects". By this time Loos had become the pace-setter for modern ideas and was designing houses constructed from modern materials in as severe and cubic a style as Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret) was soon to do. Adolf Loos made many designs, but only a small proportion were translated into building. Of his notable interiors the Kartner Bau (1907) in Vienna had pride of place, while his Steiner Haus (1910) there is regarded as the earliest truly modern house in Europe. Cubic in form and with simplified fenestration, this was the forerunner of inter-war architecture. In 1920 Loos was appointed Chief Housing Architect for Vienna, but he resigned two years later. He spent some time in Paris mixing with avant-garde artists and architects and lectured for a time at the Sorbonne. His last commissions, after he had returned to Vienna in 1928, included some of his best work, notably the Muller House (1930) in Prague.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Benedetto Gravagnuolo, 1982, Adolf Loos: Theory and Works, Milan: Idea Books.
    ——1986, The Architecture of Adolf Loos, Arts Council Exhibition Book (with a Foreword by Sir John Summerson).
    L.Munz and G.Kunstet, 1964, Der Architekt Adolf Loos, Vienna and Munich: Anton Schroll.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Loos, Adolf

  • 16 Lubetkin, Berthold

    [br]
    b. 12 December 1901 Tiflis, Georgia
    d. 23 October 1990 Bristol, England
    [br]
    Soviet émigré architect who, through the firm of Tecton, wins influential in introducing architecture of the modern international style into England.
    [br]
    Lubetkin studied in Moscow, where in the years immediately after 1917 he met Vesnin and Rodchenko and absorbed the contemporary Constructivist ideas. He then moved on to Paris and worked with Auguste Perret, coming in on the ground floor of the modern movement. He went to England in 1930 and two years later formed the Tecton group, leading six young architects who had newly graduated from the Architectural Association in London. Lubetkin's early commissions in England were for animals rather than humans. He designed the gorilla house (1932) at the Regent's Park Zoological Gardens, after which came his award-winning Penguin Pool there, a sculptural blend of curved planes in reinforced concrete. He also worked at Whipsnade and at Dudley Zoo. The name of Tecton had quickly became synonymous with modern methods of design and structure, particularly the use of reinforced concrete; such work was not common in the 1930s in Britain. In 1938–9 the firm was responsible for another pace-setting design, the Finsbury Health Centre in London. Tecton was disbanded during the Second World War, and although it was reformed in the late 1940s it did not recover its initiative in leading the field of modern work. Lubetkin lived on to be an old man but his post-war career did not fulfil his earlier promise and brilliance. He was appointed Architect-Planner of the Peterlee New Town in 1948, but he resigned after a few years and no other notable commissions materialized. In 1982 the Royal Institute of British Architects belatedly remembered him with the award of their Gold Medal.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    RIBA Gold Medal 1982.
    Further Reading
    John Allan, 1992, Architecture and the Tradition of Progress, RIBA publications. R.Furneaux Jordan, 1955, "Lubetkin", Architectural Review 36–44.
    P.Coe and M.Reading, 1981, Lubetkin and Tecton, University of Bristol Arts Council.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Lubetkin, Berthold

  • 17 Perry, John

    [br]
    b. 14 February 1850 Garvagh, Co. Londonderry, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)
    d. 4 August 1920 London, England
    [br]
    Irish engineer, mathematician and technical-education pioneer.
    [br]
    Educated at Queens College, Belfast, Perry became Physics Master at Clifton College in 1870 until 1874. This was followed by a brief period of study under Sir William Thomson in Glasgow. He was then appointed Professor of Engineering at the Imperial College of Japan in Tokyo, where he formed a remarkable research partnership with W.E. Ayrton. On his return to England he became Professor of Engineering and Mathematics at City and Guilds College, Finsbury. Perry was the co-inventor with Ayrton of many electrical measuring instruments between 1880 and 1890, including an energy meter incorporating pendulum clocks and the first practicable portable ammeter and voltmeter, the latter being extensively used until superseded by instruments of greater accuracy. An optical indicator for high-speed steam engines was among Perry's many patents. Having made a notable contribution to education, particularly in the teaching of mathematics, he turned his attention in the latter period of his life to the improvement of the gyrostatic compass.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1885. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1900. Whitworth Scholar 1870.
    Bibliography
    28 April 1883, jointly with Ayrton, British patent no. 2,156 (portable ammeter and voltmeter).
    1900, England's Neglect of Science, London (for Perry's collected papers on technical education).
    Further Reading
    D.W.Jordan, 1985, "The cry for useless knowledge: education for a new Victorian technology", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 132 (Part A): 587– 601.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Perry, John

  • 18 Poelzig, Hans

    [br]
    b. 1869 Berlin, Germany
    d. June 1936 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German teacher and practising architect, the most notable individualistic exponent of the German Expressionist movement in the modern school.
    [br]
    In the last decade of the nineteenth century and in the first of the twentieth, Poelzig did not, like most of his colleagues in Germany and Austria, follow the Jugendstil theme or the eclectic or fundamentalist lines: he set a path to individualism. In 1898 he began a teaching career at the Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) Academy of Arts and Crafts, remaining there until 1916. He early introduced workshop practice into the curriculum, presaging Gropius's Bauhaus ideas by many years; the school's workshop produced much of the artisan needs for a number of his buildings. From Breslau Poelzig moved to Dresden, where he was appointed City Architect. It was there that he launched his Expressionist line: which was particularly evident in the town hall and concert hall in the city. The structure for which Poelzig is best known and with which his name will always be associated is the Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin; he had returned to his native city after the First World War and this great theatre was his first commission there. Using modern materials, he created a fabulous interior to seat 5,000 spectators. It was in the form of a vast amphitheatre with projecting stage and with the curving area roofed by a cavernous, stalactited dome, the Arabic-style stalactites of which were utilized by Poelzig for acoustic purposes. In the 1920s Poelzig went on to design cinemas, a field for which Expressionism was especially suited; these included the Capitol Cinema in Berlin and the Deli in Breslau. For his later industrial commissions—for example, the administrative building for the chemical firm I.G.Far ben in Frankfurt—he had perforce to design in more traditional modern manner.
    Poelzig died in 1936, which spared him, unlike many of his contemporaries, the choice of emigrating or working for National Socialism.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dennis Sharp, 1966, Modern Architecture and Expressionism, Longmans.
    Theodor Heuss, 1966, Hans Poelzig: Lebensbild eines Baumeister, Tübingen, Germany: Wunderlich.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Poelzig, Hans

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